THEME (MORAL): A universal lesson or message about life that you can take from a story.
This is how a text is organized. Think of it as the blueprint the author uses to build their argument or tell their story.
Compare/Contrast: Explores similarities and differences between two or more subjects.
Clue words: similarly, on the other hand, in contrast, both, unlike.
Example: An article discussing the differences between living in the city and the suburbs.
Cause/Effect: Explains why something happened and what the results were.
Clue words: as a result, because, consequently, since, therefore.
Example: A science article explaining how global warming (cause) leads to rising sea levels (effect).
Chronological (Sequence): Describes events in the order they happened. This is common in historical texts and narratives.
Clue words: first, next, then, before, after, in 1999.
Example: A biography detailing a person's life from birth to death.
Problem/Solution: Presents a problem and then offers one or more solutions.
Clue words: the problem is, the solution is, one challenge, to solve this.
Example: An essay about plastic pollution (problem) and the use of biodegradable materials (solution).
Description: Provides a detailed account of a person, place, or thing. It often uses sensory details.
Clue words: for example, for instance, in addition, looks like.
Example: A travel blog post vividly describing the sights, sounds, and smells of a busy market in Morocco.
This is language that goes beyond the literal meaning to create a special effect or image.
Simile: Compares two unlike things using the words "like" or "as".
Example: "The boxer's hands were as fast as lightning."
Metaphor: A direct comparison stating that one thing is another. It doesn't use "like" or "as."
Example: "Her smile was the sun, warming everyone she met."
Hyperbole: An extreme exaggeration used for emphasis or humor.
Example: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse."
Personification: Giving human qualities or actions to inanimate objects or animals.
Example: "The wind howled its lonely song through the trees."
The author's main reason for writing a text.
To Entertain: To amuse the reader or provide a pleasant escape. This is the goal of most novels, poems, and short stories.
To Inform: To provide facts and educate the reader. This is the purpose of textbooks, encyclopedias, and news articles.
To Persuade: To convince the reader to agree with a certain viewpoint or to take a specific action. This is the purpose of editorials, advertisements, and political speeches.
To Describe: To paint a picture with words, often using vivid details to help the reader visualize a person, place, or event.
The perspective from which a story is told.
1st Person: The narrator is a character in the story. They use pronouns like "I" and "we". The reader only knows what this character knows and sees.
Example: "I walked into the room, and I knew something was wrong."
2nd Person: The narrator speaks directly to the reader, using the pronoun "you". This is rarely used in fiction but is common in instructions or self-help books.
Example: "First, you gather your ingredients, then you begin to bake."
3rd Person Limited: The narrator is outside the story and uses pronouns like "he," "she," and "they". The narrator only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character.
Example: "The man felt a chill as he entered the old house. He wondered if she was still there, but he couldn't see what was happening in the other room."
3rd Person Omniscient: The narrator is all-knowing and sees into the thoughts and feelings of all characters. They can move freely through time and space within the story.
Example: "Michael felt a chill, but Susan, unaware in the next room, was humming a cheerful tune. The old house itself seemed to hold its breath, waiting for them."
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